To do this, the Cr atom must lose four electrons. Here, the Cr atom is going from the +3 to the +7 oxidation state. As such, we need to learn how to incorporate the solvent into a balanced redox equation.Ĭonsider the following oxidation half-reaction in aqueous solution, which has one Cr atom on each side: Because of this, in many cases, H 2O or a fragment of an H 2O molecule (H + or OH −, in particular) can participate in the redox reaction. Many redox reactions occur in aqueous solution-in water. This is very important because the final balanced equation for any redox reaction should never contain any electrons. Note that the two electrons on each side of the equation cancel out. Now that we have our two balanced half-reactions, we can combine them to get the full redox reaction: Note again that the equation is balanced in mass and charge. This half-reaction explicitly shows the copper (II) ion gaining two electrons. Notice that this equation is balanced in both mass and charge: we have one atom of iron on each side of the equation (mass is balanced), and the net charge on each side of the equation is equal to zero (charge is balanced). This shows the oxidation of iron and the loss of two electrons. The oxidation half-reaction looks as follows: In this reaction, iron is oxidized, and copper is reduced (or, iron is the reducing agent, and copper is the oxidizing agent.) We can split this reaction into two half-reactions. For example, look at the following redox reaction between iron and copper: Balancing redox equationsĮvery balanced redox reaction is composed of two half-reactions: the oxidation half-reaction, and the reduction half-reaction. double displacement reaction, several reactant molecules exchange elements (AB + CD -> AC + BD). In a single displacement (or single replacement) reaction, one element replaces another in a molecule (AB + C -> AC + B). The opposite occurs in a decomposition reaction (AB -> A + B). In a combination or synthesis reaction, separate molecules come together to form a new molecule (A+B -> AB). Reactions can be classified in many ways, one way classifies reactions into 4 major groups based on the stoichiometry of the reactants and products. The stoichiometric coefficients (the numbers in front of the chemical formulas) result from the law of conservation of mass and the law of conservation of charge. The equation also identifies that all the compounds are in the gaseous state. It also indicates that two oxygen molecules are required for every methane molecule and that the reaction will form two water molecules and one carbon dioxide molecule for every methane and two oxygen molecules that react. This equation indicates that oxygen and CH 4 react to form H 2O and CO 2. Molar ratios can be derived from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation.Īs an example, the formula for the burning of methane can be written as follows: Molar rations state the proportions of reactants and products that are used and formed in a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions are balanced by adding coefficients so that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides.įrom a balanced equation, molar ratios can be derived. Stoichiometry is the study of the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions and how to calculate those quantities. Aqueous means dissolved in water it is a common state of matter for acids, bases, and dissolved ionic compounds. For example, a compound in the gas state would be indicated by (g), solid (s), liquid (l), and aqueous (aq). The state of matter of each compound or molecule is indicated in subscript next to the compound by an abbreviation in parentheses. Each individual substance’s chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign. Reactants and products are separated by an arrow symbol (“→” usually read aloud as “yields”). The coefficients next to the symbols of entities indicate the number of moles of a substance produced or used in the chemical reaction. The reactants (the starting substances) are written on the left, and the products (the substances found in the chemical reaction) are written on the right. Conventions for writing chemical equations A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.
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Roosevelt was the first American to capture the award, and he used the prize money to fund a trust to promote international peace.ĥ. The man famed for his exploits at San Juan Hill during the Spanish-American War and “Big Stick” diplomacy captured the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in mediating the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese War. After strenuous walks along the Potomac, the president on occasion would shed all his clothes and take a plunge in the river to cool off. Roosevelt sailed his presidential yacht on the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers and regularly led hiking expeditions in Rock Creek Park where he would scale cliffs and use twigs and stumps for target practice with his revolver. Roosevelt went skinny-dipping in the Potomac River.ĭuring his presidency, the noted outdoorsman often escaped the confines of the White House. His decision to enforce an unpopular law that banned the sale of alcohol in saloons on Sundays made him a very unpopular figure in New York, but he persisted in the crusade even after receiving two letter bombs in the mail. The future president regularly took midnight rambles to make sure officers were walking their beats. Roosevelt was a New York City police commissioner.Īfter his appointment in 1895, Roosevelt attempted to reform one of America’s most corrupt police departments. “The light has gone out of my life,” Roosevelt wrote in his diary that night. One floor above in the same house, his first wife, Alice, died less than 12 hours later from Bright’s disease and complications from giving birth to the couple’s first child just two days before. On Valentine’s Day in 1884, Roosevelt’s mother passed away from typhoid fever. His mother and his first wife died on the same day. 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FEATURESīlades and Bullets: Lo Wang delivers his own brand full throttle brutality with an expanded array of over 70 lethal blades and explosive firearms to overcome the demonic opposition. The sharp-tongued hero must once again wield lethal blades, staggering firepower, and archaic magic to purge the world of evil. When a simple mission goes wrong, Lo Wang is drawn into a volatile conflict between a brilliant young scientist, his nemesis Orochi Zilla, and the demonic forces that have become unsettled in our world. The once feared warrior now lives in the shifting wildlands outside the reach of his enemies and the neon glow of Zilla’s cybernetic metropolis, scratching out a meager existence as a hired sword for the local Yakuza clans. Despite noble intentions, Lo Wang’s efforts to annihilate the darkness corrupted the world, creating a strange and savage new order where humans and demons live side by side. 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On September 30th the storm rapidly strengthened and became a category 5 storm with wind speeds of 165 mph - the first Atlantic hurricane to reach category 5 intensity since Felix back in 2007. Matthew steadily strengthened as it moved westward and became a hurricane on September 29th. on September 28th while moving away from the Lesser Antilles island chain. Matthew became a tropical storm at 8:00 a.m. The Carolinas were affected by four tropical cyclones in 2016 prior to Matthew: Bonnie, Colin, Hermine, and Julia. The 2016 Atlantic Hurricane Season featured 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. The name "Matthew" was officially retired from the list of Atlantic hurricane names due to the immense destruction it caused during its trek across the Caribbean islands and the Southeastern United States. Damage in the United States was estimated by the National Center for Environmental Information (NCEI) at $10.3 billion. According to the National Hurricane Center, Matthew was directly responsible for 25 deaths in North Carolina and four in South Carolina, all but one due to flooding. Although gusts above hurricane force were reported along the Carolina coast, Matthew will be remembered for its extreme rainfall and deadly flooding. Hurricane Matthew was the most powerful storm of the 2016 Atlantic Hurricane Season, and made its fourth and final landfall near McClellanville, South Carolina as a category 1 hurricane late in the morning of October 8th. October 6-8, 2016.Ĭomposite radar animation of Hurricane Matthew striking the coast of Georgia and the Carolinas. GOES-13 Infrared satellite animation of Hurricane Matthew striking the Southeast coast. GOES-13 Visible satellite animation of Hurricane Matthew striking the Southeast coast. coast from September 28 thorugh October 9, 2016 Hurricane Matthew's track across the Caribbean and along the Southeast U.S. Phonics-Based Approach: Starfall emphasizes a phonics-based approach to reading, which is considered effective in helping children develop strong reading and language skills.Interactive Learning: The app is known for its interactive and engaging learning activities, which can make the learning process enjoyable for young learners.It caters to various age groups, from preschoolers to early elementary students. Comprehensive Curriculum: Starfall offers a wide range of educational content, including phonics, reading, language arts, mathematics, and more.Pros and Cons of the Starfall ProgramĪfter reading multiple Starfall reviews online, I noticed many of them listed similar pros and cons. I’ll discuss these alternatives further down the page. Focus on Fives – video lessons and physical workbooks.Reading Eggs – online animated learn-to-read program.Phonic’s Museum – online animated reading curriculum with physical lifetime access.Starfall is similar to other reading curriculum programs such as: The Starfall Education program is written by teachers. They also undergo assessment, so parents know where they’re up to. There are also special time slots where children have their progress monitored. This is useful for the mom who wants to know exactly how her children are tracking compared to other children the same age. Parents are given Standards and benchmarks for every unit as well as holiday plans and character development plans. The Starfall Kindergarten program features imaginative plush characters, stimulating interactive online activities, engaging content-driven instruction, and hands-on experiences. It presents a fun way to learn a Reading and Language Arts curriculum. What is unique about the Starfall Education Curriculum? In addition, Starfall provides students with phonics instruction, sight word recognition activities, and writing exercises that support their literacy development. The program provides leveled readers that gradually increase in difficulty as children progress through each lesson plan.Ĭhildren can also access interactive games designed to reinforce their learning and make it fun for them as well. With over 70 million users worldwide, it has become one of the most popular language-learning programs. The program utilizes interactive lessons and activities to engage children and provide them with the skills needed for successful reading. Stephen Schutz, a former professor of education at the University of Arizona, and his wife, Susan Schutz, a reading specialist. The Starfall Curriculum is an online learning system created to help children learn to read. I hope you find the article helpful □ What is the Starfall Curriculum? To try and maintain accuracy in answers to the questions, I’ve compiled this article with help from a Starfall staff member. I am just interested in the program, and so I’m writing this comprehensive Starfall review. Just so you know, I’m not an affiliate with Starfall. If you want to do my course on how to homeschool, click here. |
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